History of Egypt
Egypt's history is the longest continuous history of the country in the world for more than 3000 BC. [1] [2], where Egypt was characterized by the presence of the Nile River which runs its territory, which was the main reason for the ancient civilization, as Egypt is a distinct geographical location linking the continents of Asia, Africa and the continent is linked to Europe through the Mediterranean Sea. All of this led to a civilization known as the oldest civilization in human history.
1 : Pharaonic times
Days of the old
Egyptian civilization developed and evolved the principles of "central government" around 3200 BC. M. Mina, where the King and the consolidation of the kingdoms of the north-south, the Egyptian. The era of this country a comprehensive renaissance in all aspects of life, where he reached the Egyptian hieroglyphic writing [3] any sacred carving, Memphis and founded the first capital of the country and took the Kings to secure the country's borders and the active trade movement between Egypt and Sudan and Egypt received a prosperous era in its history known as the the era of the builders of the pyramids, this era saw the construction of the first pyramid in Egypt and the world and is known as the Pyramid of Zoser pyramid of Saqqara, which is the first stone structure in the world and was established 2861 year BC. m [4], with the development of art, agriculture and industry, the Egyptians used the first Barre fleet rivers to transport their products was a great maritime affair and has become a trade like any other craft organization established by the famous ancient Egypt, and in this day and age of the family ruled the third family to the family of six.
Days of the State Central
Preceded by the Central State (2040 - 1640 BC. M.) Times the average and the first in which it sentenced Alosrat started seventh and even the tenth, which ended the division of the country, comes to the era of the Central State started the second pharaoh Mentouhtb in 2065 and who was a prince of the good and the reunification of the country and impose order, the kings of the State concerned and the Central projects most beneficial to the people Vazdahrt agriculture and handicrafts developed, produced and Egyptian artists and engineers Trathaaly a wonderful spread in Luxor, Fayoum and Ain Shams also art and literature flourished in this age, and of the kings of this era Omnmhat I, Omnmhat the third and subsequent times the State average and the second in which it sentenced Alosrat from 13 to 17, which weakened the State Central led to the incursion of tribes inhabiting the region known as the Eastern Mediterranean to Egypt and Alhecsus invaded areas in the northern and central part of the country
Days of the modern state
(1580 - 1150 BC) after it had been the king Ohms, the eradication of Alhecsus and expelled out of Egypt's eastern border had returned to the security and stability throughout the country and Egypt began a new era is the era of the modern state of Egypt and realized the importance of military force to protect the country, was the establishment of a strong army to form great empire stretched from the Euphrates River east to the fourth cataract of the Nile south of Egypt has become the first great power in human history [6], and thus become a vast empire of great parties and the oldest empire in history has won the kings and queens family twelfth international fame in the fields of politics, war, culture, civilization and religion Ohms hero of liberation, Amenhoteb I just passed a law to prevent forced labor and the development of standards for fair wages and incentives, Tuthmosis I, who has expanded the veteran Egyptian border north and south and the dissemination of education and the expansion of the opening of the mines and the mining industry, Tuthmosis II and Tuthmosis III, dude Emperor the outstanding military genius and the first light in the great history of the world and the diplomatic, Tuthmosis IV, who was the first codification of the care and the registration of international treaties
Amenhoteb and the third richest king in the ancient world and has opened schools, "houses of life" for the dissemination of education and fine and applied arts and Akhnaton Standardization of the first to call for the ancient Egyptian gods and the symbol of the sun and have a disk of Tutankhamen, who won fame in the modern world most famous queens this family, for example, the wife of Queen Oah Anb King "Sagnn Ra," and Queen "Ohms - Nefertari," the first wife of Ohms, and the daughter of Queen Te Amenhoteb third wife and mother Akhnaton and Queen Nefertiti wife of Akhenaton, and the great Queen Hatshepsut, who ruled Egypt nearly twenty years amounted to Egypt back in the top of civilization, architecture and international trade, where the Mission sent the Merchant Marine to the country's scientific and "Puntland" and also built one of the greatest architectural monuments and the most wonderful, and His Excellency, a temple, "the monastery sea" on the west coast of the Nile to Luxor Temple which is unique in its design and not is unprecedented among all the temples of the ancient world and the Temple of Karnak is the largest temple in the ancient world and this era also witnessed the "religious revolution of Akhenaton," when he called for the worship of one God and a symbol of a sun disk and has established a new capital of the country he called "Okhittatun"
The lobby of the pillars of Karnak Temple
King Ramses II, who defeated the Hittites and their own contract with the first peace treaty in history, was built about 6 of the most famous temples of Abu Simbel Temple, Ramses III, who repulsed attacks by Libyans and peoples of the Mediterranean, and Egypt has been sentenced to up to 28 family 21 of the occupation of each of the Assyrians in 670 BC and the Persians the rule of the Pharaohs ended up with the family 30 and the entry of Alexander the Great of Egypt
2 : Greek age
Alexander the Great succeeded in defeating the Persians in Asia Minor and the continued breakthroughs, even India, where there is believed to be used offshore team and Egyptian crews Explorers [7], and earlier managed to expel the Persians from Egypt who did not resist [8] year 333 BC. Alexander has been crowned himself king of the pharaohs and the development of curriculum-based pilgrimage city of Alexandria and the Temple of Amon in the oasis of Siwa, who was world famous and large at the time
And the rule of the Ptolemy dynasty, which were descended from Ptolemy Alexander the close of one of the leaders of Egypt, even since 333 BC 30, where he was king of Egypt 15 Btlemya, [9] has been a strong state in the era of Ptolemy kings first and then resolve the weakness of the result of the weakness of kings The Romans took advantage of the situation and affected the independence of Egypt, as Rome sought to extend its influence on Egypt and the Ptolemies ruled the age of 30 BC, during the rule of Queen Cleopatra VII was the last king of Egypt, Batlmip and ended the independence of Egypt and joined the Roman Empire.
The Egyptian Civilization under the Ptolemies
1 : Pharaonic times
Days of the old
Egyptian civilization developed and evolved the principles of "central government" around 3200 BC. M. Mina, where the King and the consolidation of the kingdoms of the north-south, the Egyptian. The era of this country a comprehensive renaissance in all aspects of life, where he reached the Egyptian hieroglyphic writing [3] any sacred carving, Memphis and founded the first capital of the country and took the Kings to secure the country's borders and the active trade movement between Egypt and Sudan and Egypt received a prosperous era in its history known as the the era of the builders of the pyramids, this era saw the construction of the first pyramid in Egypt and the world and is known as the Pyramid of Zoser pyramid of Saqqara, which is the first stone structure in the world and was established 2861 year BC. m [4], with the development of art, agriculture and industry, the Egyptians used the first Barre fleet rivers to transport their products was a great maritime affair and has become a trade like any other craft organization established by the famous ancient Egypt, and in this day and age of the family ruled the third family to the family of six.
Days of the State Central
Preceded by the Central State (2040 - 1640 BC. M.) Times the average and the first in which it sentenced Alosrat started seventh and even the tenth, which ended the division of the country, comes to the era of the Central State started the second pharaoh Mentouhtb in 2065 and who was a prince of the good and the reunification of the country and impose order, the kings of the State concerned and the Central projects most beneficial to the people Vazdahrt agriculture and handicrafts developed, produced and Egyptian artists and engineers Trathaaly a wonderful spread in Luxor, Fayoum and Ain Shams also art and literature flourished in this age, and of the kings of this era Omnmhat I, Omnmhat the third and subsequent times the State average and the second in which it sentenced Alosrat from 13 to 17, which weakened the State Central led to the incursion of tribes inhabiting the region known as the Eastern Mediterranean to Egypt and Alhecsus invaded areas in the northern and central part of the country
Days of the modern state
(1580 - 1150 BC) after it had been the king Ohms, the eradication of Alhecsus and expelled out of Egypt's eastern border had returned to the security and stability throughout the country and Egypt began a new era is the era of the modern state of Egypt and realized the importance of military force to protect the country, was the establishment of a strong army to form great empire stretched from the Euphrates River east to the fourth cataract of the Nile south of Egypt has become the first great power in human history [6], and thus become a vast empire of great parties and the oldest empire in history has won the kings and queens family twelfth international fame in the fields of politics, war, culture, civilization and religion Ohms hero of liberation, Amenhoteb I just passed a law to prevent forced labor and the development of standards for fair wages and incentives, Tuthmosis I, who has expanded the veteran Egyptian border north and south and the dissemination of education and the expansion of the opening of the mines and the mining industry, Tuthmosis II and Tuthmosis III, dude Emperor the outstanding military genius and the first light in the great history of the world and the diplomatic, Tuthmosis IV, who was the first codification of the care and the registration of international treaties
Amenhoteb and the third richest king in the ancient world and has opened schools, "houses of life" for the dissemination of education and fine and applied arts and Akhnaton Standardization of the first to call for the ancient Egyptian gods and the symbol of the sun and have a disk of Tutankhamen, who won fame in the modern world most famous queens this family, for example, the wife of Queen Oah Anb King "Sagnn Ra," and Queen "Ohms - Nefertari," the first wife of Ohms, and the daughter of Queen Te Amenhoteb third wife and mother Akhnaton and Queen Nefertiti wife of Akhenaton, and the great Queen Hatshepsut, who ruled Egypt nearly twenty years amounted to Egypt back in the top of civilization, architecture and international trade, where the Mission sent the Merchant Marine to the country's scientific and "Puntland" and also built one of the greatest architectural monuments and the most wonderful, and His Excellency, a temple, "the monastery sea" on the west coast of the Nile to Luxor Temple which is unique in its design and not is unprecedented among all the temples of the ancient world and the Temple of Karnak is the largest temple in the ancient world and this era also witnessed the "religious revolution of Akhenaton," when he called for the worship of one God and a symbol of a sun disk and has established a new capital of the country he called "Okhittatun"
The lobby of the pillars of Karnak Temple
King Ramses II, who defeated the Hittites and their own contract with the first peace treaty in history, was built about 6 of the most famous temples of Abu Simbel Temple, Ramses III, who repulsed attacks by Libyans and peoples of the Mediterranean, and Egypt has been sentenced to up to 28 family 21 of the occupation of each of the Assyrians in 670 BC and the Persians the rule of the Pharaohs ended up with the family 30 and the entry of Alexander the Great of Egypt
2 : Greek age
Alexander the Great succeeded in defeating the Persians in Asia Minor and the continued breakthroughs, even India, where there is believed to be used offshore team and Egyptian crews Explorers [7], and earlier managed to expel the Persians from Egypt who did not resist [8] year 333 BC. Alexander has been crowned himself king of the pharaohs and the development of curriculum-based pilgrimage city of Alexandria and the Temple of Amon in the oasis of Siwa, who was world famous and large at the time
And the rule of the Ptolemy dynasty, which were descended from Ptolemy Alexander the close of one of the leaders of Egypt, even since 333 BC 30, where he was king of Egypt 15 Btlemya, [9] has been a strong state in the era of Ptolemy kings first and then resolve the weakness of the result of the weakness of kings The Romans took advantage of the situation and affected the independence of Egypt, as Rome sought to extend its influence on Egypt and the Ptolemies ruled the age of 30 BC, during the rule of Queen Cleopatra VII was the last king of Egypt, Batlmip and ended the independence of Egypt and joined the Roman Empire.
The Egyptian Civilization under the Ptolemies
Ptolemy of Alexandria was built in the palaces and gardens, Alexandria became a center of civilization, where widespread fame in the field of art, science, industry and trade, as it was the first port in the Mediterranean, thanks to the famous Mnartha which the Greeks as one of the seven wonders of the world
Alexandria has a great Hellenistic-Egyptian civilization was:
* University of Alexandria (ancient), which was established by the Ptolemies, scientists at the University of Alexandria, arrived at scientific facts about the earth's rotation around the sun and the approximate circumference of the globe, and the university was also famous for the study of medicine particularly anatomy and surgery is months, scientists at the University of Alexandria Euclides world engineering, and "Ptolemy "Geographical and Maniton of Egyptian
* Library of Alexandria and cultural impact: Ptolemy established a large library in Alexandria was considered the greatest library in the world contained more than half a million rolls Brdy, and Ptolemy is to guide each guest scientists from the city of Alexandria, a copy of his writings and thus the number of library books, more than 700 A. book
* The work of Ptolemy to respect the religion of the Egyptians and the sacrifice made for the Egyptian Mabboudat, and built temples to them, such as the Temple of Edfu and the Temple of Dandara and Philae temple, Aswan, and the Ptolemies used to appear at official events, using the pharaohs.
* Inclusion of the first Ptolemy to Egypt a number of accessories and is gently south Syria, Vinkie, Palestine and Cyprus.
3 : Roman age
the Roman Entered Egypt 30 BC and became one of their mandates, but Egypt has become one of the most important mandates of the Roman Empire because of the economic importance of Egypt, then known as the breadbasket of the Romanian State, becoming the second most important cities of Alexandria, the empire after Rome and Alexandria continued to University (the old) to work. [ 10]
As famous for glass industry, paper, linen Gdhavp of perfumes and cosmetics in Egypt.
4 : Coptic age
Christianity entered Egypt in the middle of the first century AD and that the entry of St. Mark to Alexandria and the founding of the first church in Egypt, and Africa as a whole.
Christians have suffered persecution from the Romans of them, especially in the Emperor, hence Alqubt taken from assuming the throne of the empire in the beginning of the annual calendar of the Coptic Christians have.
And flourished in this era, the construction of churches and monasteries, the Coptic style of photography has also figures as in previous times
Islam entered Egypt in the Arab Caliph Omar bin al-Khattab and the leadership of Amr Ibn El-Aas-General 641 meters. Egypt witnessed a period of Arab rule over the Muslim areas of progress in the construction and the arts such as architecture and decoration and inscriptions Islamic style was also the construction of several mosques, fortresses and walls.
In the Fatimid era, Al-Azhar mosque was months in the era of Art Architecture Fatimid Caliphate in Egypt in addition to several other conditions, also built in the era Ayouby Qal'at Saladin castles months which is the city of Cairo, in addition to the architectural wealth, which appeared in the Mamluk
6 : modern times
Muhamm ad Ali is the founder of modern Egy pt for his reforms covering all aspects of life in conformity with the spirit of the modern age at the time, began the construction of Egypt's strong army and established a military school, and emerged in the shipbuilding industry and Bulaq yard in Alexandria. The most advantageous conditions for agriculture and irrigation, and established the dams, bridges and canals, and established factories and laboratories to meet the need of the army and the sale of the surplus of people, work in the area of trade, Muhammad Ali Pasha, the deployment of security for internal trade routes and the establishment of a fleet of foreign trade, where trade flourished in Egypt.
And education for the needs of government offices established at all levels of schools and the various missions sent to Europe and the transfer of modern science
And the sons of Muhammad Ali tried to take the attitude in trying to catch up with European civilization, has seen the country in the era of Khedive Ismail Pasha, was a renaissance in the administrative reform has also seen a revival of industry, agriculture, and prospered in his care and the construction and architecture, and established the opera house Kdioip, and to extend railroads, in year 1869 opened the Suez Canal to international navigation in a major ceremony.
Egypt has seen several uprisings against foreign interference in the national movement was intensified Orabi Revolution in 1882 that ended in the occupation of Egypt and Britain, which announced the protection of Egypt in 1914 and ended the formal subordination of the Ottoman Empire.
7 : Egypt's modern history
Entered Egypt to the twentieth century, the burdens of the British colonial Dgoth to plunder its resources, and increased popular resistance and the national movement against the occupation led by Mustafa Kamil and Muhammad Farid emerged with a strong sense of the national revolution of 1919 to demand independence and the national leader Saad Zaghloul, a prominent role, then was the abolition of the British to Egypt in 1922 and the recognition of its independence and was the first Egyptian constitution in 1923
The revolution
Gamal Abdel Nasser led the revolution of July 23, 1952. Which has many of the most important tasks of the issuance of the agrarian reform law, and established the first five-year plan for economic and social development in the history of Egypt in 1960 and try to develop industry and production has been the establishment of high-dam 1960-1970 and help the country in the field of education, health, construction, reconstruction and agriculture. In the area of foreign policy has worked to promote the July Revolution, the liberation movements of colonialism has also taken a policy of positive neutrality, a fundamental principle in foreign policy.
By Israel in June 5, 1967 attack on Egypt, Syria, Jordan and the occupied Sinai and the Golan Heights and the West Bank of Jordan
The Army managed to Egypt in spite of the enormity of the loss to express their strength in this ordeal to the entry of Israeli troops and the war of attrition, and in that time, died of "Gamal Abdel Nasser," in September 1970
October War
Mohamed Anwar Sadat took power after Gamal Abdel Nasser, the work to settle the internal problems of the state and the preparation of Egypt to go to war to liberate the Sinai. In October 6, 1973 at noon in the second well, the Egyptian armed forces carried out the armed forces and the Syrian Arab attack on Israeli forces in each of the Sinai Peninsula and the Golan Heights. The war began on the Egyptian front, the air strike launched by the Egyptian Air Force against the Israeli forces, and Egyptian forces crossed to the East Bank and the Egyptian flag.
President Anwar Sadat came to the settlement of the Arab-Israeli conflict to find a lasting peace in the Middle East, the peace treaty agreed to by Israel (Camp David) in March 26, 1979 with the United States after having cleared the visit of President Sadat to Israel in 1977, Israel withdrew from the semi - tip of the Sinai well in April 25, 1982 withdrawal while retaining the tape Taba border and the government recovered the tape later, based on arbitration, which took place in the International Court of Justice after
Egypt raised the signing of the peace agreement and the visit of Sadat to Israel Astiaa inside and outside Egypt. Proponents of this view of the Convention that it had the Sinai to Egypt, and paved the way for peace in the Middle East. While opponents see the effects of this Convention that the isolated state with an Arab political and military weight of Egypt is the Arab-Israeli conflict, and worked to limit the scope of the movement of the Egyptian army in Sinai, as it has weakened the leadership role of Egypt in the Arab world. In November 2, 1978 conference of the League of Arab States, it was decided to transfer the headquarters of the League of Arab States of Egypt, Egypt's membership was suspended from 1979 to 1989, participated in this summit is ten Arab countries in addition to the Palestine Liberation Organization, has opposed the United Arab Emirates Arab steps against Egypt.
Sadat's assassination
By autumn 1981 the government campaign of mass arrests, including Islamic organizations, officials of the Coptic Church, writers, journalists, intellectuals, liberals and leftists, the number of detainees in Egyptian prisons and detainees to 18000 after the occurrence of signs of strife and turmoil of the popularity of rejecting peace with Israel and economic policies of the State.
In October 6, 1981 (after 31 of the Declaration on the decisions of arrest), Sadat was assassinated in a military parade was held to mark the anniversary of the October war and has led the assassination of Khaled Islamboli of the Organization of the Islamic Jihad, which was strongly opposed to the peace agreement with Israel and has fallen short of its campaign of repression Organized by the Government in the month of September. and his successor in the Chair, Vice-President Mohammed Hosni Mubarak.
Alexandria has a great Hellenistic-Egyptian civilization was:
* University of Alexandria (ancient), which was established by the Ptolemies, scientists at the University of Alexandria, arrived at scientific facts about the earth's rotation around the sun and the approximate circumference of the globe, and the university was also famous for the study of medicine particularly anatomy and surgery is months, scientists at the University of Alexandria Euclides world engineering, and "Ptolemy "Geographical and Maniton of Egyptian
* Library of Alexandria and cultural impact: Ptolemy established a large library in Alexandria was considered the greatest library in the world contained more than half a million rolls Brdy, and Ptolemy is to guide each guest scientists from the city of Alexandria, a copy of his writings and thus the number of library books, more than 700 A. book
* The work of Ptolemy to respect the religion of the Egyptians and the sacrifice made for the Egyptian Mabboudat, and built temples to them, such as the Temple of Edfu and the Temple of Dandara and Philae temple, Aswan, and the Ptolemies used to appear at official events, using the pharaohs.
* Inclusion of the first Ptolemy to Egypt a number of accessories and is gently south Syria, Vinkie, Palestine and Cyprus.
3 : Roman age
the Roman Entered Egypt 30 BC and became one of their mandates, but Egypt has become one of the most important mandates of the Roman Empire because of the economic importance of Egypt, then known as the breadbasket of the Romanian State, becoming the second most important cities of Alexandria, the empire after Rome and Alexandria continued to University (the old) to work. [ 10]
As famous for glass industry, paper, linen Gdhavp of perfumes and cosmetics in Egypt.
4 : Coptic age
Christianity entered Egypt in the middle of the first century AD and that the entry of St. Mark to Alexandria and the founding of the first church in Egypt, and Africa as a whole.
Christians have suffered persecution from the Romans of them, especially in the Emperor, hence Alqubt taken from assuming the throne of the empire in the beginning of the annual calendar of the Coptic Christians have.
And flourished in this era, the construction of churches and monasteries, the Coptic style of photography has also figures as in previous times
5 : Islamic age
Islam entered Egypt in the Arab Caliph Omar bin al-Khattab and the leadership of Amr Ibn El-Aas-General 641 meters. Egypt witnessed a period of Arab rule over the Muslim areas of progress in the construction and the arts such as architecture and decoration and inscriptions Islamic style was also the construction of several mosques, fortresses and walls.
In the Fatimid era, Al-Azhar mosque was months in the era of Art Architecture Fatimid Caliphate in Egypt in addition to several other conditions, also built in the era Ayouby Qal'at Saladin castles months which is the city of Cairo, in addition to the architectural wealth, which appeared in the Mamluk
6 : modern times
And education for the needs of government offices established at all levels of schools and the various missions sent to Europe and the transfer of modern science
And the sons of Muhammad Ali tried to take the attitude in trying to catch up with European civilization, has seen the country in the era of Khedive Ismail Pasha, was a renaissance in the administrative reform has also seen a revival of industry, agriculture, and prospered in his care and the construction and architecture, and established the opera house Kdioip, and to extend railroads, in year 1869 opened the Suez Canal to international navigation in a major ceremony.
Egypt has seen several uprisings against foreign interference in the national movement was intensified Orabi Revolution in 1882 that ended in the occupation of Egypt and Britain, which announced the protection of Egypt in 1914 and ended the formal subordination of the Ottoman Empire.
7 : Egypt's modern history
Entered Egypt to the twentieth century, the burdens of the British colonial Dgoth to plunder its resources, and increased popular resistance and the national movement against the occupation led by Mustafa Kamil and Muhammad Farid emerged with a strong sense of the national revolution of 1919 to demand independence and the national leader Saad Zaghloul, a prominent role, then was the abolition of the British to Egypt in 1922 and the recognition of its independence and was the first Egyptian constitution in 1923
The revolution
Gamal Abdel Nasser led the revolution of July 23, 1952. Which has many of the most important tasks of the issuance of the agrarian reform law, and established the first five-year plan for economic and social development in the history of Egypt in 1960 and try to develop industry and production has been the establishment of high-dam 1960-1970 and help the country in the field of education, health, construction, reconstruction and agriculture. In the area of foreign policy has worked to promote the July Revolution, the liberation movements of colonialism has also taken a policy of positive neutrality, a fundamental principle in foreign policy.
By Israel in June 5, 1967 attack on Egypt, Syria, Jordan and the occupied Sinai and the Golan Heights and the West Bank of Jordan
The Army managed to Egypt in spite of the enormity of the loss to express their strength in this ordeal to the entry of Israeli troops and the war of attrition, and in that time, died of "Gamal Abdel Nasser," in September 1970
October War
Mohamed Anwar Sadat took power after Gamal Abdel Nasser, the work to settle the internal problems of the state and the preparation of Egypt to go to war to liberate the Sinai. In October 6, 1973 at noon in the second well, the Egyptian armed forces carried out the armed forces and the Syrian Arab attack on Israeli forces in each of the Sinai Peninsula and the Golan Heights. The war began on the Egyptian front, the air strike launched by the Egyptian Air Force against the Israeli forces, and Egyptian forces crossed to the East Bank and the Egyptian flag.
President Anwar Sadat came to the settlement of the Arab-Israeli conflict to find a lasting peace in the Middle East, the peace treaty agreed to by Israel (Camp David) in March 26, 1979 with the United States after having cleared the visit of President Sadat to Israel in 1977, Israel withdrew from the semi - tip of the Sinai well in April 25, 1982 withdrawal while retaining the tape Taba border and the government recovered the tape later, based on arbitration, which took place in the International Court of Justice after
Egypt raised the signing of the peace agreement and the visit of Sadat to Israel Astiaa inside and outside Egypt. Proponents of this view of the Convention that it had the Sinai to Egypt, and paved the way for peace in the Middle East. While opponents see the effects of this Convention that the isolated state with an Arab political and military weight of Egypt is the Arab-Israeli conflict, and worked to limit the scope of the movement of the Egyptian army in Sinai, as it has weakened the leadership role of Egypt in the Arab world. In November 2, 1978 conference of the League of Arab States, it was decided to transfer the headquarters of the League of Arab States of Egypt, Egypt's membership was suspended from 1979 to 1989, participated in this summit is ten Arab countries in addition to the Palestine Liberation Organization, has opposed the United Arab Emirates Arab steps against Egypt.
Sadat's assassination
By autumn 1981 the government campaign of mass arrests, including Islamic organizations, officials of the Coptic Church, writers, journalists, intellectuals, liberals and leftists, the number of detainees in Egyptian prisons and detainees to 18000 after the occurrence of signs of strife and turmoil of the popularity of rejecting peace with Israel and economic policies of the State.
In October 6, 1981 (after 31 of the Declaration on the decisions of arrest), Sadat was assassinated in a military parade was held to mark the anniversary of the October war and has led the assassination of Khaled Islamboli of the Organization of the Islamic Jihad, which was strongly opposed to the peace agreement with Israel and has fallen short of its campaign of repression Organized by the Government in the month of September. and his successor in the Chair, Vice-President Mohammed Hosni Mubarak.
Mubarak
October 14, 1981 Muhammad Hosni Mubarak assumed the presidency of the Arab Republic of Egypt, after the nomination of a popular referendum of the People to him.
October 5, 1987 was a referendum by the President of the Republic for a second term.
1993 was a referendum by the President of the Republic for a third term.
September 26, 1999, a referendum has been President of the Republic for a fourth term.
Were also elected for a new mandate in 2005 in the first multiparty presidential elections in Egypt after a constitutional amendment.
October 14, 1981 Muhammad Hosni Mubarak assumed the presidency of the Arab Republic of Egypt, after the nomination of a popular referendum of the People to him.
October 5, 1987 was a referendum by the President of the Republic for a second term.
1993 was a referendum by the President of the Republic for a third term.
September 26, 1999, a referendum has been President of the Republic for a fourth term.
Were also elected for a new mandate in 2005 in the first multiparty presidential elections in Egypt after a constitutional amendment.
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