Culture of Egypt

Culture of Egypt

Culture of Egypt five thousand years of recorded history. Ancient Egypt was among the early civilizations. For thousands of years, Egypt maintained the stability of the culture that influenced later cultures of Europe and the Middle East and Africa. After the Pharaonic era, Egypt itself came under the influence of Hellenism, for a period of time, Christianity, and later, Arab and Islamic culture. Today, many aspects of ancient Egyptian culture exist in interaction with the latest components, including the impact of modern Western culture, itself with roots in ancient Egypt.

Launched on the River Nile in the ancient Egyptian language the name "Iitoro types." The waters of the Nile, with the channels and canals, wells and lakes, the importance of washing and cleansing rituals.

Has lost a number of ancient Egyptians and Arbab, Rabat associated with the Nile River.

The Lord Chief among them is the Habi or "Habi Abu Arbab"; was portrayed as a man with a full belly and breasts, and applied to black or blue, symbolizes the fertile Nile, which was granted to Egypt.

Habi was also depicted carrying flowers and poultry, fish, vegetables and fruit; as well as palm fronds, a symbol of years.

The Lord of the Nile is also sometimes depicted carrying a lotus flower on the head (the slogan of Upper Egypt) and papyrus plant (the slogan of Lower Egypt).

It also heads the Nile "Subic"; Lord crocodile, who was worshiped in Esna and Kom Ombo, Fayyoum. And the events that have taken months in the history of Pharaonic Egypt, is the entry of Alexander the Great of Egypt in the autumn of 332 BC. M, where Alexander was seized by the Persians out of the hands Ctrbp Mazaks to start after the provision of the land of Egypt, the Macedonian Although Alexander did not stay the same for a long time in Egypt. In this short period was able to establish the basis of Alexander the Macedonian kingdom in the face of Western Greek Egyptian assets have continued to state Ptolemy brilliant staff a strong foundation and a full three centuries in the course of such a long time played a great renaissance of Egypt in terms of knowledge and science, economy and trade and industry and increasing population.

The head of the flood and creation is the Lord Knom, with a ram and was worshiped in Aswan. Knom the Lord and was responsible for the creation of human beings and their lives with guardians "Elka".

The buy "Sataat" Knom wife to the Lord, and was the center of worship and belief the key to the Lord Knom in Aswan.

And oversaw the Status of Aswan on the religion and distribution of water, from the island to the north Alilventin; Bjah when the island is the first waterfall, to the south.

The "she recalled," buy the frog, is the goddess of water, and the perception is usually close to Knom; when he was a child and the guardian spirit of the vehicle Fakharani.

Egypt was affected by many cultures around the world throughout history, becoming alleged Kallouhp painted on each line by one of the civilizations of Egypt and its civilization own distinct ...................... .........................................

The oldest culture of Egypt was the ancient Egyptian culture, which has seen year Bruatha even if it is one of the oldest civilizations, but it replicated the culture of science and the modern era.

Education in Egypt

Education in Egypt

Egyptian educational system is highly centralized system under the control of the central government in Cairo. And is divided into the following phases:

* Basic Education
o primary education
o prep education
* Secondary Education
* Post-secondary education

View of the extension of compulsory education in Egypt to cover the preparatory phase, the integration of lower secondary and primary schools to be the so-called "basic education" in the Egyptian education system. And education is beyond the capacity of these phases on the same student.


Primary education

Egyptian law, children are forced to take and pass the primary school. Attend the majority of children attend these schools, except to drop out of education. This phase aims to give children a minimum of education


Secondary education

Secondary education is divided into three different sections: the General, technical and professional level.


General secondary education

Is the establishment of a modern education to the early last century by Italian, French missionary

The duration of general secondary education, three years of study. In the first year (first grade secondary) students of the scientific and literary, and these materials are: Arabic, English, second foreign language (German, or French, or Italian, or Spanish) as the province where the student learns, and materials science (chemistry, biology, physics), and geography and history and philosophy. In the latest amendment to the school system is divided into two chapters, the first group is studying chemistry, biology and history, while the second group is studying physics and philosophy and geography. Then the two groups exchange roles in the second half of the school.

The second and third year of secondary education General secondary collectively, depending on the degree the student is part of the three Oksabim: either a scientific sport, science, scientific, or literary. Each section of these sections focuses on a specific group of subjects. To be completed in the second year student studying second language Alognip, and stop the study in the third year. Brings the total students in the past. Identifies the total university student input.

Given the cause of education of the psychological and financial pressure on the parents of the students, the restructuring of the educational system in Egypt in the agenda of the Egyptian Ministry of Education, where speculate that there are plans and a new system of education in Egypt, which is the final stages of preparation. And quote this new education system leaves much to be found in education systems Diploma of America. Nea Nea

Technical secondary education

This type of education programs that take 3 or 5 years. And contains the following fields: industrial, commercial and agricultural.



The educational system in the Al-Azhar


Run the education system in Al-Azhar Supreme Council of the Institute of Al-Azhar, which is autonomous from the Ministry of Education and monitored by the Prime Minister of Egypt.

Al-Azhar schools are usually called the "Institutes" and include the following stages: primary, preparatory and secondary schools. These institutes in the fields of others studying the religious to some degree but not as intense as it is in public education. All students in these institutions and separating between Muslim students and students in the secondary stages Aldrasepaliaadadip and Al Azhar. Azhar institutes spread throughout Egypt, especially in rural areas, can also complement the secondary school student of Al Azhar university education in the completion of Al-Azhar University.


Education after-secondary

Egypt has two types of institutes of higher education institutions are either private or public institutions. The public higher education in Egypt free of charge except for payment of a registration. On the other hand, the Egyptian private institutes too expensive compared to the per capita income in Egypt. Bbbb of the Egyptian government's top universities

* Cairo University, estimated the number of students demanded 100.000 b
* Alexandria University
* Al-Azhar University is considered one of the oldest universities to the point of the Earth's estimated age b in 1000.

Months of the Egyptian private universities

* American University in Cairo
* Arab Academy for Science, Technology and Maritime Transport.
* Misr International University.


Types of schools

Public schools

Generally divided into two types of public schools

*
o examine the schools through the Arabic language: government education taught through the use of Arabic
o pilot schools: The school curricula across the English language in addition to teaching the French language.

Private Schools

Special schools generally divided into three types:

*
o ordinary schools: taught courses similar to the government, but usually the student Mathtm more than public schools because of the financial support of the existing
o schools language: taught courses similar to the English government, but in addition to the teaching of French and German languages.
o religious schools: These schools derive support from the Muslim Brotherhood to be returned in the western part of the delta. The different approaches presented in this report on the schools in the school of Al-backed government.



Illiteracy

Illiteracy is in Egypt, of the problems that hinder the programs of the State Development and Reform Commission. The percentage of educated people in Egypt (according to the report of the United Nations Human Development 2006) 71.4% of adults (15 years and over) and 84.9% for youth (from 15 to 24 years) according to 2004 statistics. Estimated proportion in 2005 Istia those who read and write 83% of males and 59.4% of females according to a book realities of the world [3].

According to official statistics, the number of illiterates in Egypt is 17 million people in 2006 to approximately (20%), but that some intellectuals in Egypt is likely that the illiteracy rate of up to 50% of the population. In the statistic by the Guinness Book of States estimated illiteracy rate in Egypt at about 45% of the population in 2000 from the other statistics of UNESCO in 2003 showed that the proportion of illiteracy among males over the age of 15 is common in Egypt, 42% of the male population and 53% for females over the age of 15 Common

History

The history of literacy is in Egypt to the end of the nineteenth century in attempts began in 1886. But it did not take the legal form as it had not been implemented on a national scale and widespread. Continued these efforts by the leaders of the national struggle in the beginning of the twentieth century that was the first law of literacy in the year 1944, and implementation is entrusted to the Ministry of Social Affairs

Egypt adopted the law of compulsory education for children between the ages of 6 to 12 years old in 1953 and Egypt has adopted a policy to combat illiteracy in 1976, the program has been able literacy 4.5 million people, but that in spite of the decrease in the proportion of illiteracy among the population, the increase in the numbers of illiterates and rates of population growth large in Egypt; According to official reports, the number of Egyptians who were ignorant of reading and writing the 14 million people in 1976 and went to the 17 million illiterate in 2006

Places of illiteracy

The illiteracy rate among females is higher than the males, are in rural areas more than urban areas in general and the high illiteracy rate in general in the provinces and province-level lake and is the province of Fayoum is the largest province with the largest number of illiterate people throughout the Arab Republic of Egypt, according to official statistics, and an estimated 595 A mother or the equivalent of 42% of the population of the province, while in the province of Minya province, 37% and 37% in Assiut province, the lake, and finally 35%, however, and despite the decline in illiteracy rates in the provinces of Lower Egypt and urban governorates, however, that the number of illiterates are concentrated where the largest containing 5 provinces in the number of illiterates and the Governorate of Cairo, a province of the lake and the comfort and Giza governorate and the East where the illiteracy rate is about 28%

History of Egypt

History of Egypt

Egypt's history is the longest continuous history of the country in the world for more than 3000 BC. [1] [2], where Egypt was characterized by the presence of the Nile River which runs its territory, which was the main reason for the ancient civilization, as Egypt is a distinct geographical location linking the continents of Asia, Africa and the continent is linked to Europe through the Mediterranean Sea. All of this led to a civilization known as the oldest civilization in human history.


1 : Pharaonic times


Days of the old

Egyptian civilization developed and evolved the principles of "central government" around 3200 BC. M. Mina, where the King and the consolidation of the kingdoms of the north-south, the Egyptian. The era of this country a comprehensive renaissance in all aspects of life, where he reached the Egyptian hieroglyphic writing [3] any sacred carving, Memphis and founded the first capital of the country and took the Kings to secure the country's borders and the active trade movement between Egypt and Sudan and Egypt received a prosperous era in its history known as the the era of the builders of the pyramids, this era saw the construction of the first pyramid in Egypt and the world and is known as the Pyramid of Zoser pyramid of Saqqara, which is the first stone structure in the world and was established 2861 year BC. m [4], with the development of art, agriculture and industry, the Egyptians used the first Barre fleet rivers to transport their products was a great maritime affair and has become a trade like any other craft organization established by the famous ancient Egypt, and in this day and age of the family ruled the third family to the family of six.


Days of the State Central


Preceded by the Central State (2040 - 1640 BC. M.) Times the average and the first in which it sentenced Alosrat started seventh and even the tenth, which ended the division of the country, comes to the era of the Central State started the second pharaoh Mentouhtb in 2065 and who was a prince of the good and the reunification of the country and impose order, the kings of the State concerned and the Central projects most beneficial to the people Vazdahrt agriculture and handicrafts developed, produced and Egyptian artists and engineers Trathaaly a wonderful spread in Luxor, Fayoum and Ain Shams also art and literature flourished in this age, and of the kings of this era Omnmhat I, Omnmhat the third and subsequent times the State average and the second in which it sentenced Alosrat from 13 to 17, which weakened the State Central led to the incursion of tribes inhabiting the region known as the Eastern Mediterranean to Egypt and Alhecsus invaded areas in the northern and central part of the country


Days of the modern state



(1580 - 1150 BC) after it had been the king Ohms, the eradication of Alhecsus and expelled out of Egypt's eastern border had returned to the security and stability throughout the country and Egypt began a new era is the era of the modern state of Egypt and realized the importance of military force to protect the country, was the establishment of a strong army to form great empire stretched from the Euphrates River east to the fourth cataract of the Nile south of Egypt has become the first great power in human history [6], and thus become a vast empire of great parties and the oldest empire in history has won the kings and queens family twelfth international fame in the fields of politics, war, culture, civilization and religion Ohms hero of liberation, Amenhoteb I just passed a law to prevent forced labor and the development of standards for fair wages and incentives, Tuthmosis I, who has expanded the veteran Egyptian border north and south and the dissemination of education and the expansion of the opening of the mines and the mining industry, Tuthmosis II and Tuthmosis III, dude Emperor the outstanding military genius and the first light in the great history of the world and the diplomatic, Tuthmosis IV, who was the first codification of the care and the registration of international treaties
Amenhoteb and the third richest king in the ancient world and has opened schools, "houses of life" for the dissemination of education and fine and applied arts and Akhnaton Standardization of the first to call for the ancient Egyptian gods and the symbol of the sun and have a disk of Tutankhamen, who won fame in the modern world most famous queens this family, for example, the wife of Queen Oah Anb King "Sagnn Ra," and Queen "Ohms - Nefertari," the first wife of Ohms, and the daughter of Queen Te Amenhoteb third wife and mother Akhnaton and Queen Nefertiti wife of Akhenaton, and the great Queen Hatshepsut, who ruled Egypt nearly twenty years amounted to Egypt back in the top of civilization, architecture and international trade, where the Mission sent the Merchant Marine to the country's scientific and "Puntland" and also built one of the greatest architectural monuments and the most wonderful, and His Excellency, a temple, "the monastery sea" on the west coast of the Nile to Luxor Temple which is unique in its design and not is unprecedented among all the temples of the ancient world and the Temple of Karnak is the largest temple in the ancient world and this era also witnessed the "religious revolution of Akhenaton," when he called for the worship of one God and a symbol of a sun disk and has established a new capital of the country he called "Okhittatun"
The lobby of the pillars of Karnak Temple

King Ramses II, who defeated the Hittites and their own contract with the first peace treaty in history, was built about 6 of the most famous temples of Abu Simbel Temple, Ramses III, who repulsed attacks by Libyans and peoples of the Mediterranean, and Egypt has been sentenced to up to 28 family 21 of the occupation of each of the Assyrians in 670 BC and the Persians the rule of the Pharaohs ended up with the family 30 and the entry of Alexander the Great of Egypt


2 : Greek age


Alexander the Great succeeded in defeating the Persians in Asia Minor and the continued breakthroughs, even India, where there is believed to be used offshore team and Egyptian crews Explorers [7], and earlier managed to expel the Persians from Egypt who did not resist [8] year 333 BC. Alexander has been crowned himself king of the pharaohs and the development of curriculum-based pilgrimage city of Alexandria and the Temple of Amon in the oasis of Siwa, who was world famous and large at the time

And the rule of the Ptolemy dynasty, which were descended from Ptolemy Alexander the close of one of the leaders of Egypt, even since 333 BC 30, where he was king of Egypt 15 Btlemya, [9] has been a strong state in the era of Ptolemy kings first and then resolve the weakness of the result of the weakness of kings The Romans took advantage of the situation and affected the independence of Egypt, as Rome sought to extend its influence on Egypt and the Ptolemies ruled the age of 30 BC, during the rule of Queen Cleopatra VII was the last king of Egypt, Batlmip and ended the independence of Egypt and joined the Roman Empire.

The Egyptian Civilization under the Ptolemies

Ptolemy of Alexandria was built in the palaces and gardens, Alexandria became a center of civilization, where widespread fame in the field of art, science, industry and trade, as it was the first port in the Mediterranean, thanks to the famous Mnartha which the Greeks as one of the seven wonders of the world

Alexandria has a great Hellenistic-Egyptian civilization was:

* University of Alexandria (ancient), which was established by the Ptolemies, scientists at the University of Alexandria, arrived at scientific facts about the earth's rotation around the sun and the approximate circumference of the globe, and the university was also famous for the study of medicine particularly anatomy and surgery is months, scientists at the University of Alexandria Euclides world engineering, and "Ptolemy "Geographical and Maniton of Egyptian

* Library of Alexandria and cultural impact: Ptolemy established a large library in Alexandria was considered the greatest library in the world contained more than half a million rolls Brdy, and Ptolemy is to guide each guest scientists from the city of Alexandria, a copy of his writings and thus the number of library books, more than 700 A. book

* The work of Ptolemy to respect the religion of the Egyptians and the sacrifice made for the Egyptian Mabboudat, and built temples to them, such as the Temple of Edfu and the Temple of Dandara and Philae temple, Aswan, and the Ptolemies used to appear at official events, using the pharaohs.

* Inclusion of the first Ptolemy to Egypt a number of accessories and is gently south Syria, Vinkie, Palestine and Cyprus.


3 : Roman age

the Roman Entered Egypt 30 BC and became one of their mandates, but Egypt has become one of the most important mandates of the Roman Empire because of the economic importance of Egypt, then known as the breadbasket of the Romanian State, becoming the second most important cities of Alexandria, the empire after Rome and Alexandria continued to University (the old) to work. [ 10]

As famous for glass industry, paper, linen Gdhavp of perfumes and cosmetics in Egypt.


4 : Coptic age

Christianity entered Egypt in the middle of the first century AD and that the entry of St. Mark to Alexandria and the founding of the first church in Egypt, and Africa as a whole.

Christians have suffered persecution from the Romans of them, especially in the Emperor, hence Alqubt taken from assuming the throne of the empire in the beginning of the annual calendar of the Coptic Christians have.

And flourished in this era, the construction of churches and monasteries, the Coptic style of photography has also figures as in previous times

5 : Islamic age

Islam entered Egypt in the Arab Caliph Omar bin al-Khattab and the leadership of Amr Ibn El-Aas-General 641 meters. Egypt witnessed a period of Arab rule over the Muslim areas of progress in the construction and the arts such as architecture and decoration and inscriptions Islamic style was also the construction of several mosques, fortresses and walls.

In the Fatimid era, Al-Azhar mosque was months in the era of Art Architecture Fatimid Caliphate in Egypt in addition to several other conditions, also built in the era Ayouby Qal'at Saladin castles months which is the city of Cairo, in addition to the architectural wealth, which appeared in the Mamluk



6 : modern times

Muhamm ad Ali is the founder of modern Egy pt for his reforms covering all aspects of life in conformity with the spirit of the modern age at the time, began the construction of Egypt's strong army and established a military school, and emerged in the shipbuilding industry and Bulaq yard in Alexandria. The most advantageous conditions for agriculture and irrigation, and established the dams, bridges and canals, and established factories and laboratories to meet the need of the army and the sale of the surplus of people, work in the area of trade, Muhammad Ali Pasha, the deployment of security for internal trade routes and the establishment of a fleet of foreign trade, where trade flourished in Egypt.

And education for the needs of government offices established at all levels of schools and the various missions sent to Europe and the transfer of modern science

And the sons of Muhammad Ali tried to take the attitude in trying to catch up with European civilization, has seen the country in the era of Khedive Ismail Pasha, was a renaissance in the administrative reform has also seen a revival of industry, agriculture, and prospered in his care and the construction and architecture, and established the opera house Kdioip, and to extend railroads, in year 1869 opened the Suez Canal to international navigation in a major ceremony.

Egypt has seen several uprisings against foreign interference in the national movement was intensified Orabi Revolution in 1882 that ended in the occupation of Egypt and Britain, which announced the protection of Egypt in 1914 and ended the formal subordination of the Ottoman Empire.



7 : Egypt's modern history

Entered Egypt to the twentieth century, the burdens of the British colonial Dgoth to plunder its resources, and increased popular resistance and the national movement against the occupation led by Mustafa Kamil and Muhammad Farid emerged with a strong sense of the national revolution of 1919 to demand independence and the national leader Saad Zaghloul, a prominent role, then was the abolition of the British to Egypt in 1922 and the recognition of its independence and was the first Egyptian constitution in 1923



The revolution

Gamal Abdel Nasser led the revolution of July 23, 1952. Which has many of the most important tasks of the issuance of the agrarian reform law, and established the first five-year plan for economic and social development in the history of Egypt in 1960 and try to develop industry and production has been the establishment of high-dam 1960-1970 and help the country in the field of education, health, construction, reconstruction and agriculture. In the area of foreign policy has worked to promote the July Revolution, the liberation movements of colonialism has also taken a policy of positive neutrality, a fundamental principle in foreign policy.

By Israel in June 5, 1967 attack on Egypt, Syria, Jordan and the occupied Sinai and the Golan Heights and the West Bank of Jordan

The Army managed to Egypt in spite of the enormity of the loss to express their strength in this ordeal to the entry of Israeli troops and the war of attrition, and in that time, died of "Gamal Abdel Nasser," in September 1970

October War

Mohamed Anwar Sadat took power after Gamal Abdel Nasser, the work to settle the internal problems of the state and the preparation of Egypt to go to war to liberate the Sinai. In October 6, 1973 at noon in the second well, the Egyptian armed forces carried out the armed forces and the Syrian Arab attack on Israeli forces in each of the Sinai Peninsula and the Golan Heights. The war began on the Egyptian front, the air strike launched by the Egyptian Air Force against the Israeli forces, and Egyptian forces crossed to the East Bank and the Egyptian flag.

President Anwar Sadat came to the settlement of the Arab-Israeli conflict to find a lasting peace in the Middle East, the peace treaty agreed to by Israel (Camp David) in March 26, 1979 with the United States after having cleared the visit of President Sadat to Israel in 1977, Israel withdrew from the semi - tip of the Sinai well in April 25, 1982 withdrawal while retaining the tape Taba border and the government recovered the tape later, based on arbitration, which took place in the International Court of Justice after

Egypt raised the signing of the peace agreement and the visit of Sadat to Israel Astiaa inside and outside Egypt. Proponents of this view of the Convention that it had the Sinai to Egypt, and paved the way for peace in the Middle East. While opponents see the effects of this Convention that the isolated state with an Arab political and military weight of Egypt is the Arab-Israeli conflict, and worked to limit the scope of the movement of the Egyptian army in Sinai, as it has weakened the leadership role of Egypt in the Arab world. In November 2, 1978 conference of the League of Arab States, it was decided to transfer the headquarters of the League of Arab States of Egypt, Egypt's membership was suspended from 1979 to 1989, participated in this summit is ten Arab countries in addition to the Palestine Liberation Organization, has opposed the United Arab Emirates Arab steps against Egypt.

Sadat's assassination

By autumn 1981 the government campaign of mass arrests, including Islamic organizations, officials of the Coptic Church, writers, journalists, intellectuals, liberals and leftists, the number of detainees in Egyptian prisons and detainees to 18000 after the occurrence of signs of strife and turmoil of the popularity of rejecting peace with Israel and economic policies of the State.

In October 6, 1981 (after 31 of the Declaration on the decisions of arrest), Sadat was assassinated in a military parade was held to mark the anniversary of the October war and has led the assassination of Khaled Islamboli of the Organization of the Islamic Jihad, which was strongly opposed to the peace agreement with Israel and has fallen short of its campaign of repression Organized by the Government in the month of September. and his successor in the Chair, Vice-President Mohammed Hosni Mubarak.

Mubarak

October 14, 1981 Muhammad Hosni Mubarak assumed the presidency of the Arab Republic of Egypt, after the nomination of a popular referendum of the People to him.

October 5, 1987 was a referendum by the President of the Republic for a second term.

1993 was a referendum by the President of the Republic for a third term.

September 26, 1999, a referendum has been President of the Republic for a fourth term.

Were also elected for a new mandate in 2005 in the first multiparty presidential elections in Egypt after a constitutional amendment.

Governorates of Egypt

Governorates of Egypt

Arab Republic of Egypt is divided administratively into 29 provinces (provinces combined) contains the city of dealing administratively Kmhafezp is shorter. This division, the division replaced the directorates created by Napoleon Bonaparte after the French campaign on Egypt, Muhammad Ali after him. [1] Maintain a summit in Egypt is the pyramid of administrative divisions, which includes five levels (province, center, city, district (live in the cities are divided into sections and then chiefdoms), the village), each headed by a governor appointed by the President of the Republic. Beyond the most densely populated provinces of the thousand people per square kilometer, while the less densely populated in the three provinces, the largest area of Nsmtin per square kilometer.

Provinces that are either fully urban, or a mix between urban areas and rural areas, the official distinction between urban and rural areas in the provinces have the lowest administrative division, is not entirely southern provinces of urban centers, which are gatherings of a group of villages in the city correspond to the urban governorates. Furthermore, it could be the entire province is a city of just one as in the case of Cairo, and Alexandria. And cities divided into districts run by elected local councils. Each province's capital are often the largest cities.

In April 17, 2008 issued a republican decree as Helwan, and two separate October 6.

List of the provinces of Egypt

1 Alexandria Alexandria 2.679 4,110,015
2 Aswan Aswan 679 1,184,432
3 Assiut Assiut 5.926 3,441,597
4 lake Damanhour 10.130 4,737,129
5 Beni Suef Beni Suef 1,322 2,0,527
6 Cairo 214 Cairo 7,0,640
7 Dakahliya 3.471 4,985,187 Mansoura
8 Damietta Damietta 589 1,0,316
9 Fayoum Fayoum 1,827 2,0,792
10 Western 1.942 4,010,298 Tanta
Giza 11, Giza, 85.153 6,272,571
12 Ismailia Ismailia 1.442 942.832
13 Kafr El-Sheikh Kafr El-Sheikh 3.437 2,618,111
14 Matrouh Marsa Matrouh 212.112 322.341
15 Minya Minya 32.279 4,179,309
16 Monoufia 1.532 3,270,404 Shebin
17 New Valley 376.505 187.256 emerging
18 North Sinai-Arish 27.574 339.752
19 Said Port Said Port 72 570.768
20 Qaliubiya 1.001 4,237,003 Banha
21 Qena Qena 1.851 3,001,494
22 Red Sea, Hurghada 203.685 288.233
23 East 4.180 5,340,058 Zagazig
24 Sohag Sohag 1.547 3,746,377
25 South Sinai 33.140 149.335 Tur
26 Suez Suez 17.840 510.935
27 * See below Luxor Luxor 55 451.318
28 HELWAN n / a 643,327 HELWAN
29 October 6 n / a 500,000 6 October

* 27 * Luxor, is not apparent in the map; because it is located between the small province of Qena and Aswan on the map.

Egypt Geography

Egypt Geography

Egypt can be divided geographically into two main sections, as Egypt was located in North Africa, while the Egyptian Sinai peninsula, south-west Asia.

Egyptian border

-western border It is the between Egypt and Libya, which is a border line, a distance of 1049 km and extends as far south as straight complete the tri-border convalesce for a distance of 804 km and appears to winding of the Siwa Oasis to the north to a distance of 290 meters, so a combination of reduction and reducing the astronomical engineering.

2 - the eastern border between Egypt and Palestine to begin from the top of Taba on the Gulf of Aqaba coast of the Mediterranean and even to a distance of 210 km and this is consistent with the line along the 34 east. And Egypt has also limited the Red Sea from the Middle Boukljugip Suez and Aqaba.

3 - the southern border between Egypt and Sudan on the line of engineering Itaamd natural and human phenomena and extends with the direction of the Middle Owainat about the Nile River and is in the middle of this reduction and the Nile Valley, and even complement the Red Sea, when the cities of Halaib and Shalatin Egyptian.

4 - the northern border the Mediterranean Sea and is a natural end overlooking the emergence of the Mediterranean Sea, where the northern boundary extends from the east of Rafah, the Egyptian town of Salloum to the west, where a distance of thousand kilometers. At this point there are three water border of Egypt with all of Cyprus and Turkey and Greece.


Provinces Egypt (states)

Egypt is divided into 28 provinces. Cairo, Giza, Alexandria, Aswan Helwan October 6 New Valley Qena South Sinai North Sinai, Assiut, Minya, Sohag, Beni Suef, Fayoum, Ismailia Qaliubiya Dakahliya lake is West Damietta Port Said Suez Monoufia Kafr el-Sheikh Red Sea, East


Natural division

More than 75% of Egypt's area within the tropical dry desert region


First: The Western Desert of Egypt:

Bordered by the Mediterranean Sea from the north and Libya on the west and the Nile Valley in the east and an area of 681 thousand square kilometers and appears closer to a rectangle and the most important characteristic of Western Sahara and low Owainat Mount Dropper is distinct regions known as Western Sahara, the northern coast and the most important of Marsa Matrouh, where agriculture water Rain and groundwater through shallow wells, which defines Balsoany


Second: the Nile Valley and Delta:

River Nile is a distance of 1536 km within the Egyptian territory and take into Egyptian territory, where several directions is alternately to the north-east and then north and the other is to the north-west and then to the north and the estimated number of islands of the Nile River island of Ngo 300 Islands of the mud deposits of the Nile River, most of haunted and some are a key part of the important cities, such as the island of Zamalek and the school in the city of Cairo and there Jeranite such as the Aswan Island and the Isle of Selloukh and Sohail

Nile Delta: with two branches, one along the Damietta branch of 245 km and an average 286 meters and the presentation of inches higher than the level Rashid Branch Bnhor last two and less along the -239 km - but more broadly from the Damietta branch - 554 meters on average - there are lakes and coastal discriminate Shal Aldltaoi is Manzala Lake, Lake Prince and BG

Third: the Eastern Desert:

1 - the coast line of the beach extends from the top of the Gulf of Sudan to the borders with Sudan and extending in a straight majority of sectors along with the Japanese head of the most important ground Jmsp and Ras Abu Somp show several islands to the coast, the most important and largest island of Cduan 2 - Mountain Red Sea is a set of blocks mountain, which extends straight from the sea close to where you just go south 3 - Alhilli scale is the Hipti Majesty's navy and to the north, tribal Alajellalh The main part of the plateau is the plateau and the limestone plateau Almezp Alababdp

IV: Sinai Peninsula:

And is divided into three sections

1 - the northern section is known Balshol North

2 - the middle area of this section is one third of the Sinai, and appear in this section and the limestone plateau wilderness called this name because of the Jews out of Egypt and later in the Tahoua region 40 years and in the south of Plateau, the smallest kernel of the hill Now

3 - Triangle firearm south of the Sinai is multi-edged mountain peaks and the most important summits of the mountain close to some of the top of Mount St. Catherine, the highest mountain peak in the 2600 Egypt-fertilization

Pyramids of Egypt

Pyramids of Egypt

Pyramids of Egypt are the pyramids of the ancient Egyptians built. The most famous pyramids of Giza.

Built the pyramids in Egypt

Pyramids of Egypt more than 90-100 the pyramid on the one stretching from Abu Rawash even Howara Giza on the outskirts of Fayoum. Ownership of buildings which were built by ancient Egyptians in the period from 2630 BC. M. Until the year 1530 BC. M. May include a phased construction of the pyramid of King Zoser Kahrm (3630 BC. M. - 2611 BC. M). Saqqara pyramid was drawn to the figure in the form of a hierarchical Kohramat Giza. The King Cheops pyramid was built on one the seven wonders of the world. The Egyptian pyramids were tombs of kings and queens. The temple stands next to adopt priests to help the spirit of the property is later life. In the Old Kingdom Old Kingdom (2585 BC. M. - 2134 BC. M). Inakecon the Egyptian artists Balheiroglevip room on the walls of the burial of the mummy of a property texts and hymns followed by instructions to the gods and amulets of the guarded Mamrh in the post-life. These texts are the texts known as Al-Ahram Pyramid Texts. Azarethzh the time of the Old Kingdom pyramids were built of large stones, but with time, less size. Because it was expensive. For this we find in the Middle Kingdom Middle Kingdom (2630 BC. M. - 1640 BC. M.) Building a brick from the Milky Tabn. The side lying directly above the four-Ahram Gahat with the original four cardinal directions (north, south, east and west). Most of the pyramids were built in the desert west of the Nile left the sun never set. Because the ancient Egyptians believed that the spirit of the deceased King left his body to travel the sky with the sun every day. When the sun never set on the west is the soul property of the pyramid, Mqbernha to renew itself. The tide was left in the middle of Wa Alohermat the northern side of the pyramid. Ernf the entrance to the pyramid and the largest over 17 meters from the surface of the Earth, where the corridor down to the King's Chamber. Change the design of the pyramids with the times. However, under the entrance to the north will lead to a corridor and down to the bottom of Ohabana lead to the King's Chamber, which pays tribute to a point at the center of the base of the pyramid. And sometimes the rooms are adjacent to the King's Chamber Tkhozbn collections and objects used in his life, including Alokroip valuable items. It was a risk of looting and theft . The pyramid was built around the temples and pyramids of the small temple for the priests and senior statesmen. The beach is related to the port of Albi and the Nile several related channels. It was called the valley temple, which was connected by a long-high pyramid, and square to move it. This was the road from the valley through the desert to lead to the funerary temple called the Temple of the pyramid and was related to the status of the eastern facade of the pyramid, which was comprised of a group of pyramids including the Pyramids and the Pyramids of Queens aftershocks. This was a total small aftershocks places for burial and did not know herself. The statues represent the spirit of the King . The small pyramids of queens and Bsitpouholha The small temple dedicated to the burial of his wives Almahbbat it. Called the pyramid of King Khufu's pyramid is the largest desert west of Giza in Egypt and adjacent Hermaalmlk Khafre (Khufu's son) and King Menkaure (Khufu's grandson). The method of burial may have started in ancient Egyptian tombs of the ancient pyramids to the years between 2920 BC. M. To the year 2770 BC. M. Since 2770 BC. M. -2649 BC. M. Kings were buried in graves in the town of Obaydos a brick wall of the terrace above the sand. In the year 2649 BC. M. Until the year 2575 BC. M. Kings were buried under the mud-brick terrace. But the king Zoser, who ruled from the year 2630 BC. M. Until 2611 BC. M. Saqqara chain built on a terrace on the square area of a large and progressive terraces above the area of a pyramid above. And consists of 6 terraces. He was designed by architect Amenhotep. And then the Kings are building Massadobam stones. The first pyramid was built from the real king in the town of Dahshour Snfro. And between the years 2465 BC. M. And 2323 BC. M. The pyramids were built Royal Aehtm good. In the era of the modern Kingdom (1550 BC. M. -1070 BC. M.) Is no longer kings buried in the pyramids, were the location of graves and burial in the Valley of the Kings in Luxor, the capital of the new (good).


Is too pleased that the Pyramids in Giza pyramids Heights (unimplemented or Memphis) Egypt, the West Bank of the Nile. Built around 2480-2550 BC. M, is a three pyramids is the Pyramid of Khufu and Khafre pyramid and the pyramid of Menkaure. And would like to point out that the pyramids are the property of their respective graves in the name of the King, which was built and was buried after his death, and here is the pyramid construction stage of the evolution of architecture defined graves and ancient Egypt, which started in a small crater turned into a room under the ground and then to several rooms above terrace, and then evolved to take on the form of the pyramid by architect Aimahotb Minister pharaoh Zoser in the Third and the pyramid is in the cemetery of Saqqara, and the subsequent attempts of the king Snfro founder of the fourth form of pyramid building and the whole afternoon, but Zulema Yoma Alhermen non-form and They are analogous to one in Dahshour Qaeda and the other was taken after half of a smaller size, and the engineer was able to engineer Hmeono that King Cheops pyramid up to the ideal form and the construction of Cheops in Giza, turn on an area of 13 acres and was followed by Khafre pyramid and Mancaora.